{"id":158,"date":"2015-07-01T16:47:39","date_gmt":"2015-07-01T14:47:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/?page_id=158"},"modified":"2015-07-02T15:23:34","modified_gmt":"2015-07-02T13:23:34","slug":"ol-doinyo-lengai","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/?page_id=158","title":{"rendered":"Ol Doinyo Lengai"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Ol Doinyo Lengai (Tanzanie)<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">G\u00e9ographie :<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u2019Ol Doinyo Lengai est un stratovolcan du rift Est-Africain situ\u00e9 dans le Nord-Est de la Tanzanie. Il est \u00e2g\u00e9 d\u2019environ 350 000 ans et est toujours en activit\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui (Sherrod et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Ol-Doinyo-Lengai1.png\" rel=\"lightbox[158]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-medium wp-image-218 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Ol-Doinyo-Lengai1-300x193.png\" alt=\"Ol Doinyo Lengai1\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Ol-Doinyo-Lengai1-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Ol-Doinyo-Lengai1-1024x660.png 1024w, https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Ol-Doinyo-Lengai1.png 1228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Contexte G\u00e9ologique :<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ce volcan de pr\u00e8s de 3000 m d\u2019altitude s\u2019est form\u00e9 suite \u00e0 un effondrement majeur de cette zone du rift Est-Africain, au niveau duquel divergent la plaque Somalienne \u00e0 l\u2019Est et la plaque Nubienne, \u00e0 l\u2019Ouest. Le Lengai est essentiellement compos\u00e9 de phonolites et n\u00e9ph\u00e9linites (roches volcaniques sous-satur\u00e9es majoritairement constitu\u00e9es de feldspaths alcalins et feldspatho\u00efdes) mais il est surtout connu comme \u00e9tant l\u2019unique volcan en activit\u00e9 produisant des carbonatites. Qui plus est, les carbonatites produites par l\u2019Ol Doinyo Lengai ont la particularit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre constitu\u00e9es de carbonates de sodium (Sherrod et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/ofr20131306\">Lien vers la carte g\u00e9ologique du volcan<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u2019\u00e9ruption de 2007-2008<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cette \u00e9ruption a marqu\u00e9 la fin d\u2019une p\u00e9riode de 25 ans d\u2019activit\u00e9 calme, durant laquelle les \u00e9ruptions produisaient une lave carbonatitique tr\u00e8s fluide. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 fin ao\u00fbt 2007, le type d\u2019activit\u00e9 et la composition des laves sont rest\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 ceux observ\u00e9s pendant les 25 ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes quoique l\u2019intensit\u00e9 ait fortement augment\u00e9 en 2006. Entre juillet et ao\u00fbt 2007, une forte activit\u00e9 sismique a \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9e, la magnitude des s\u00e9ismes d\u00e9passant 5,9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u2019activit\u00e9 du Lengai a chang\u00e9 en septembre 2007 pour entrer dans une phase d\u2019\u00e9ruptions explosives. Le 4 septembre, une colonne plinienne de 3 km de hauteur a dispers\u00e9 des cendres sur une \u00e9paisseur de 1 cm \u00e0 20 km de distance. Les \u00e9ruptions suivantes, d\u2019intensit\u00e9s in\u00e9gales, ont provoqu\u00e9 la formation de colonnes montant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 15 km et dispersant des cendres jusqu\u2019\u00e0 100 km du Lengai. Ces \u00e9ruptions se sont accompagn\u00e9es de changements notables de la morphologie du crat\u00e8re. D\u00e8s le d\u00e9but des \u00e9ruptions, un nouveau c\u00f4ne s\u2019est form\u00e9, constitu\u00e9 de cendres, lapillis et bombes dont les plus grosses mesurent plus de 2 \u00e0 3 m. La forme du crat\u00e8re a continu\u00e9 de changer tout au long des \u00e9ruptions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les comb layers retrouv\u00e9s sont issus de blocs \u00e9ject\u00e9s lors de la derni\u00e8re phase de l\u2019\u00e9ruption. Ils proviennent de blocs arrach\u00e9s \u00e0 un r\u00e9servoir ou \u00e0 des conduits magmatiques, dans lesquels ont pu se d\u00e9poser des cumulats et cristalliser ces structures.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u2019\u00e9ruption de 2007-2008 pr\u00e9sente des similitudes avec plusieurs \u00e9ruptions pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, dont celles de 1917 et 1966 qui \u00e9taient toutes deux pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9es par une phase d\u2019activit\u00e9 carbonatitique similaire \u00e0 celle qui a pris fin en 2007 (Keller et al., 2010).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">La wollastonite du Lengai<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bien que l\u2019Ol Doinyo Lengai soit r\u00e9put\u00e9 pour ses \u00e9missions de carbonatites, les structures \u00e9tudi\u00e9es proviennent de blocs arrach\u00e9s \u00e0 un r\u00e9servoir de magma sous-satur\u00e9 en silice et riche en calcium. On y retrouve un pyrox\u00e9no\u00efde : la wollastonite. Ce pyrox\u00e9no\u00efde est commun dans les roches calcaires m\u00e9tamorphis\u00e9es, sp\u00e9cialement les skarns, issus d\u2019un m\u00e9tamorphisme de contact avec un granite. Cependant, il demeure rare dans les roches magmatiques (Berrada et al., 2011). Au Lengai, la wollastonite est connue, notamment dans les cendres de l\u2019\u00e9ruption de 1966 (Dawson et al., 1992). N\u00e9anmoins, les \u00e9chantillons \u00e9tudi\u00e9s ici pr\u00e9sentent une tr\u00e8s forte teneur en wollastonite et les cristaux sont aciculaires et de tr\u00e8s grande taille (certaines baguettes mesurent jusqu\u2019\u00e0 8 cm de long pour un diam\u00e8tre de l\u2019ordre du millim\u00e8tre).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_252\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-252\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Leng10.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[158]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-252\" src=\"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Leng10-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Comb layer : aiguilles de wollastonite mesurant environ 8 cm\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Leng10-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Leng10-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-252\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comb layer : aiguilles de wollastonite mesurant environ 8 cm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Pour plus de photos, visitez la galerie suivante :<\/p>\n<style id=\"bwg-style-0\">    #bwg_container1_0 #bwg_container2_0 .bwg-container-0.bwg-album-thumbnails {    width: 1204px; 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           return false;        });      <\/script>      <\/span>                <\/div>        <\/form>              <\/div>    <\/div>    <script>      if (document.readyState === 'complete') {        if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {          if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\").height() ) {            bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\"));          }        }      } else {        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {          if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {            if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\").height() ) {             bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\"));            }          }        });      }    <\/script>    \n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Berrada S.H. et al., Mineralogical and geochemical features of the wollastonite deposit of Azegour, haut-atlas (Morocco), 2011, Journal of African Earth Sciences, v.60, p. 247\u2013252<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dawson J.B. et al., 1966 ash eruption of the carbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai\u00a0\u00bb mineralogy of lapilli and mixing of silicate and carbonate magmas, 1992, Mineralogical Magazine, v. 56, p. 1-16<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Keller J. et al., Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania &#8211; I. New magma composition during the 2007\u20132008 explosive eruptions, 2010, Springer &#8211; Bull Volcanol, v.72, p. 893\u2013912, Ol Doinyo Lengai<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Keller J. et al., Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania &#8211; II. Eruptive behaviour during the 2007\u20132008 explosive eruptions, 2010, Springer &#8211; Bull Volcanol, v.72, p. 913-931, Ol Doinyo Lengai<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sherrod D. et al., Geological Map of Oldonyo Lengai (Oldoinyo Lengai) Volcano and Surroundings, Arusha Region, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013, US Geological Survey, Open-file Report 2013-1306<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ol Doinyo Lengai (Tanzanie) G\u00e9ographie : L\u2019Ol Doinyo Lengai est un stratovolcan du rift Est-Africain situ\u00e9 dans le Nord-Est de la Tanzanie. Il est \u00e2g\u00e9 d\u2019environ 350 000 ans et est toujours en activit\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui (Sherrod et al., 2013). Contexte G\u00e9ologique : Ce volcan de pr\u00e8s de 3000 m d\u2019altitude s\u2019est form\u00e9 suite \u00e0 un &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/?page_id=158\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Ol Doinyo Lengai<\/span>  <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":188,"parent":170,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-158","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=158"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":277,"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/158\/revisions\/277"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/170"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr\/~chazot\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}